Paper 1 Question 2

             The letter was addressed to an unknown individual, and the reader has no idea who it is. The letter instructs the stranger on how to be joyful, happy and content, in life. 

The author employs a certain style of wording in the letter. There are several reasons why he used the terminology he used. Tone, morphology, rhetorical tactics, and the tense in which it was written all contributed to the letter's ability to be written.

The letter's tone is soothing and reassuring to the reader. With all of the overpowering sentiments he's trying to elicit, the author isn't attempting to scare the reader away. "Be healthy," "Be courageous," "loving," "grateful and helpful," and so on. He used these positive encouraging inspirational lexis throughout his message to an unknown recipient.

Morphology is the study of a word's prefixes and suffixes. These are used by the author to expand and widen the meaning of the term, in an attempt to be uplifting or encouraging. Richard Branson uses this throughout his letter since he mentions in the letter that the letter's correspondent has been stressed and is going through a difficult period. "Happiness," "successful," “unforgettable” and "loving" are examples of when Richard Branson uses positive words. By employing the lexis "stressing" or "stressed," Richard Branson also utilizes morphology to illustrate how this individual may be feeling.

The letter also contains rhetorical tactics. The purpose of using rhetorical techniques was to connect with the reader and bring pathos into focus. "When you grow up, what do you want to be?" This was a rhetorical strategy employed in the letter to elicit emotion from the reader. And to reminisce about their youth or other experiences from prior years. This was done in order to return to a period when there were no conflicts in your world as a child.

Because of the phrasing created inside the syntactic framework, the past, present, and future play a significant part in language. In the letter, the tense is placed in the present. We know all of this because of one word said by Richard Branson. The suffix 'ing' will be doing something in the present with the lexis "loving." Throughout the letter, that suffix is also added to a number of other terms. 

A first person point of view and a second person point of view are used in the letter's construction. In addition, the type of layout, which includes a letter layout. All forces and structural types. The paragraphs are short and condensed in order to convey the concepts of happiness and "it's okay to feel anxious."

In both first and second person, the point of you is set. We know this since the letter utilizes the pronouns "I" and "you" throughout. Richard Branson utilizes this to assist the reader comprehend that she may be able to cope with the stress that they are experiencing. Also, to demonstrate to the reader that he has been in the same situation as they have.This has the potential to be uplifting  the audience's spirits.

Ensure your letters are properly laid out, with enough room between the title, greeting, each paragraph, closure, and signature. This is the right approach to format a letter to a specific individual. By reading the letter, you can see that it is formatted correctly.

The paragraphs in the letter are short and to the point to ensure that the recipient gets the content. This is fantastic for a letter since it allows you to get your message through while also ensuring that you are not repeating yourself.

Simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentence structures can be found inside the paragraphs. All four of these instances are utilized extensively throughout the letter. "Just be for a minute," for example, is an example of a simple statement. "Because letting oneself place things into perspective," is an example of a complicated statement. "Don't forget the to-do list, but also remember to write a to-do list," is an example of a compound sentence. "I am successful, affluent, and connected because I am happy," says the last and last sentence construction. These are excerpts from a letter written by Sir Richard Branson. This demonstrates that all of the sentence structures were erroneously employed throughout the letter. He used this to broaden the meaning of each syntax that he was giving throughout the message on how to regulate and feel on specific emotions.

A text's format is a letter; it's as basic as that. The fact that it is addressed to a stranger, as indicated at the opening of the text, makes it a letter. "Dear Stranger..." says Richard Branson. It is signed by the letter's author, Richard Branson, and reads, "Happy Regards, Richard Branson." He did this since it is the right and etiquette manner of signing and addressing a letter because it is in the correct format.

Most articles, advertisements, and letters employ ethos, logos, and pathos. However, there were no logos in this letter. However, I mention pathos and ethos because Richard Branson would employ repetition and a list of three to elicit a pathos feeling in the reader. "Be," "happy," "its," and "you" appear several times throughout it. Throughout the entire letter, this Lexus was utilized. List of 3: “Be loving, be grateful palate be helpful…” Ethos was used because he gave himself credibility: “I certainly have been through my 66 years.”

 

Paper 1 Question 1

 Part A) 

Apr 19, 2022

Dear French president, 

    It has been brought to the world's attention that there have been wildfires, but the reason as to why I am writing this is because if we have the technology to let the whole world know within 3 minutes. Why can't we have better technology for stopping the wildfires? 

    Now it's not like you don't have the money for the new technology that could be brought because of the world's celebrities and billionaires and other donors. Maybe we don't need new technology while the fire is happening, but taking more precautions before a wildfire has time to take place. 

    After the fire in Notre-Dame; when all the money came in from all the celebrities, billionaires and others. Only a couple of weeks later after that there was a fire in South America. That fire single handedly took out the largest tropical rainforest alone. Named the amazon rainforest. 

    With the amount of money that is being donated, if the world can come up with that great deal of money, we should have a better plan of taking care of the land that is being Destroyed by the fires. If we know the harm that these fires have, you should be able as the French President to make an impact on how the world should go about this.

    You should be taking charge because you understand what we can and cannot do to help save the land from wildfires. 

Sincerely, 

Payton rice. 

 

Part B) 

Form : 

    Both writings can have a similar format, but they can also be quite distinct. The reason I say that is because the first is a news story that explains why and what has transpired with the recent wildfires. The second was written by myself and is in the form of a letter sent to the President of France. The fact that each of these may be set in relative tones explains why they can be comparable. Also, the point of view in which both are set might be similar. They can, however, differ due to grammatical or syntactic differences in the text itself. 

    Throughout the intertext, the form utilized in the newspaper story maintains the same primary idea. "Social media users...", "within three minutes of the first flame...", and "celebrities, millionaires, and other..." are examples of this. These three newspaper excerpts suggest that the author is attempting to demonstrate that today's technology has had a significant influence on how we handle wildfires. You can see that I concentrate on one primary point in the letter that I wrote. In the letter I emphasize on the idea that if we are getting money from all these affluent individuals why can't we do a better job of preserving our land from the wildfire that is taking place. An Example of this is when in the letter I say “Now it's not like you don't have the money for the new technology…” and “when all the money came in from all the celebrities, billionaires and others.” These are examples of when I kept my many ideas. My letter is a concise part of writing. 

Structure: 

    When it comes to the paragraphs, the two manuscripts have a fairly similar structure. Both trucks have short and succinct paragraphs that are both concise and to the point. There are 15 quantities of lexis in one of the newspaper paragraphs.  Example: “The world was made aware of the catastrophe within three minutes of the first flame.” By using short and powerful paragraphs, you may go right to the point and tell the audience what your aim and goal are without insinuating anything. I also have extremely brief paragraphs in the letter that I wrote. When you read my letter, you don't have to guess what my agenda is. Example: “You should be taking charge because you understand what we can and cannot do to help save the land from wildfires.” That is an example of one of my short paragraphs, but it also demonstrates how well I communicated my views. 

    A subject sentence appears in both manuscripts. When the newspaper writes "when a fire tore through Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris...", for example, it continues. That was taken directly from the article. "It has been brought to the world's notice that there have been wildfires..." is my topic line from my letter to the French president. Phonemes, morphemes, lexemes, syntax, and context are the five major components of language. These elements, together with grammar, semantics, and pragmatics, work together to generate meaningful communication between people. These are all elements that bothe of the texts have. 

Language: 

    Syntax has to do with the language part of this because of lexis that comes into play due to the fact that you have to have a full concept, a topic, and a verb. A statement must be comprehensible on its own. Complete sentences are also referred to as independent clauses. A clause is a collection of words that can be used to form a sentence.  Examples of this in the newspaper are : “For three whole weeks, the single largest tropical rainforest in the world is being destroyed.” The language that is used in the letter is first and second person. Example: “I” and “you”.  As you can tell there aren't a lot of differences between the two texts. 

Paper 3 Section B

     The conversation between the mother and the five-year-old daughter named Raina, Has taken place on a walk in the countryside. As you can tell, Raina Is in the stage of her communication which is called the ‘post telegraphic stage’. This stage is more in depth with the complex of conjunctions such as because or although. 

    Raina Has a simple conversation with her mother while walking. The conversation between the two is simple but complex for a five-year-old girl,Towards the beginning and it seems to have a wider vocabulary than at the end. The reason that I say that her vocabulary has shortened is because her lexis at the end is “WHY” repeated, “what” and the “yes”. Raina seems to be interested in what her mother is telling her when walking such as talking about butterflies and birds. That could be why her vocabulary has shortened over the time that they were talking. Raina Is comforting back to the 1 to 2-year-old Communication stage which is called the holophrastic stage. This stage consists of about 200 words between those two ages and usually consists of a single word that expresses a complete idea of what you can see by the examples. 

    Throughout the conversation between the mother and daughter you can see that there are multiple pauses in their sentences. This can go for the mother and the daughter; when speaking you can see that they have both taken micro pauses or one to two seconds between the words when speaking to one another. An example of this is when Raina says “LOOK (1) there's one”. This is straight from the text, the one in parentheses means that there was a slight pause between the lexis “look” and “there's one” which was spoken by Raina. This is called nasal. This could've been that she just needed to take a breath and breathe before she could say the rest of what she was saying. She might've not had enough air in her lungs to keep speaking.  

    When the five year old girl is walking she sees an animal, but instead of categorizing it.  She instead specifically points out what type of bird it is instead of using the hypernyms. While this is usually seen between the ages of three and five it is unusual for a five-year-old girl not to put it in a category, instead she pointed out exactly what it was, which was a “black bird”. This could be that she has elaborated code meaning that she has been exposed to people with a wide lexis and understanding of linguistics. The reason I say this is because it is usual for a five-year-old girl to say that as an animal not to specify which type of animal it is. The five year old girl could've said oh mom look there's a bird but instead she said look mom there's a black bird.

    You can tell that the mother is very involved with her daughter, directing her which way did it take when walking up the countryside. The Language Acquisition Support system you can see often and her mother when they are talking. The mother Is regularly interacting with her daughter, helping her to understand, or just to give her daughter advice on what she should not and what she should do.This comes into play when talking about Raina speaking because she realizes what her mother is saying and can process it without repeating it to her mother. This also helps Raina with her cognitive development and egocentric thinking. The reason why it helps Raina With her cognitive development is because It lets her mental process in her brain is gaining knowledge of what she could and cannot do. However this is when egocentric thinking is effective. This is because she is thinking only about herself, meaning that she could do what she pleases without her mother influencing her decision. 

    In conclusion Raina Is very far along. We are looking at her lexis vocabulary and linguistic choices that she seems to use. Although she may be repetitive and some words she does have a wide range of lexis. It seems to understand what her mother is telling her and can understand that it is her own decision on what she does and does not let her mother inflict on her choice of what she should or should not.

Paper 3 Question 1

     Text A, an extract from an uncle to nephew about advice on going to Oxford. Written by Edwarn Berens, in 1832; the time period of late modern english. Which means that the lexis and linguistic choices haven't changed dramatically. Late modern English to modern day English has had its changes, but the majority of the phrases used then are still used today. For example, in text A it says “good taste”, and “correct judgment”. If you then look in text B, which is a resource of words that were used from the year of 1980 to 1993, phrases such as ‘good taste’ are still said today. However, ‘correct judgment’ is not used currently, according to text B. 

Text A is about an uncle giving advice to a nephew about going to Oxford and what he should be doing, how he should exploit and carry himself. According to the date that was on the text that was written by Edward Berens, the time period suggests that it was set in the late modern English era. This means that the English hasn't changed much since this time era, it can be difficult to understand some of the time, but it's not unreadable, like Old English. Some of the lexis that Edwarn Berens uses in the story about the uncle and the nephew, indeed are some lexis that we still use today. The phrases that are said in text A for instance, “good taste” and “correct judgment”. Text B,  is a report on words that were used between the years 1980 to 1993 in British English.  (The phrases from text A; “good taste” and “correct judgment”.) One of these is no longer used anymore. The semantics, the report of text B, said that the phrase “correct judgment” is not in use anymore.  The reason that it's no longer used anymore is because it is archaic. 

The Language change from 1832 to today's linguistics terms are not much different from each other. The English language has changed structurally because of the social aspect meaning that the language is always changing due to the needs of the user. Also in the ways that the words are Interpreted. This is protected by functional theory, by Simon Dik’s. Another modification that may have affected the decrease in the use of the expression “correct judgment”, could be since not enough people in that time period said it. Understanding that the expression never expanded passed the year 1832. Inclusion in the pragmatic of the British English language of the phrase “correct judgment” wasn't applied frequently in any time period. Infectious disease theory is secured by the previous statement about the term, which happened to be used in 1832, but no in today's early Modern English.  

Text A uses the term “are apt to be” which this term is much like the terms or phrases that are said today. Examples are “tend to be” and “are likely to be” which are seen in text C. Text C is a chart showing all three of these phrases and how often they were used, starting at the time period 1800 and ending at the time period of 2000. This random sample that was taken between those centennials, which to text C the least used has always been “are apt to be”.  As you can tell all three of these syntax are very similar, therefore this is the lexical gaps that we have in Modern English as well. Lexicals gaps, Occur when what word in a syntax or phrase is absent or replaced. As seen in the syntax examples the only word that tends to change is the first or middle word in the phrase. That is because the word is being taken out or replaced. Example of lexical substitution is when ‘apt’ is being replaced with ‘likely’ in the term “are likely to be”. Example of a lexical removal is when ‘are’ is taken out of the syntax completely, in the phrase “tend to be”. This is all shown in text C. The n-gram graph also shows that “tend to be” and “are likely to be” have always been higher in usage compared to “are apt to be”. This is also due to one of the previous theories that have been talked about in paragraph 3. Infectious disease theory which goes off that people say what they hear. 

Morphology and example of when this is used is the text, is in text A the word “belonging” which this word can be broken down into how it was structured. For instance, be-, “long”, -ing. Edwarn Berens had added a prefix and suffix to the root of the word “long” to morph into a new word to create a different definition and to prolong understanding of the word. In the end it creates a conversion word. 

A word sketch of what has been said here, is that late modern English hasn't changed that much compared to present day english. We still Frequently use the same properties in building blocks that the late modern English era used as well.